Advancing the Optimization of Pre-Frontal Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Protocols

Prefrontal non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) interventions are rising in popularity as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions. However, effect sizes of prefrontal protocols, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are rather modest and a large heterogeneity in experimental and clinical effects is seen, which can be partly explained due to anatomical inter-individuality and by protocol-specific differences. It is proposed that prefrontal NIBS effects could be improved with personalized/optimized methodological approaches. Therefore, this seminar aims to illustrate how anatomical idiosyncrasies can influence the overall effects of NIBS interventions on the PFC and to discuss how future work may refine stimulation protocols by accounting for individual variability, thereby reducing heterogeneity in outcomes.

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